Pharmaceutical Price Controls in the Oecd Countries

Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD Countries Implications for U.S. Consumers, Pricing, Research and Development, and Innovation U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration The International Trade Administration (ITA) has as its mission the creation of economic opportunity for U.S. workers and firms by promoting international trade, opening foreign markets, ensuring compliance with trade laws and agreements, and supporting U.S. commercial interests at home and abroad. To learn more about the ITA, write to: International Trade Administration, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230, or visit the ITA’s Internet site at www.ita.doc.gov. Pharmaceutical Price Controls in OECD†¦show more content†¦Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration Executive Summary Improvements in health care and life sciences are an important source of gains in health and longevity globally. The development of innovative pharmaceutical products plays a critical role in ensuring these continued gains. To encourage the continued development of new drugs, economic incentives are essential. These incentives are principally provided through direct and indirect government funding, intellectual property laws, and other policies that favor innovation. Without such incentives, private corporations, which bring to market the vast majority of new drugs, would be less able to assume the risks and costs necessary to continue their research and development (RD). In the United States, government action has focused on creating the environment that would best encourage further innovation and yield a constant flow of new and innovative medicines to the market. The goal has been to ensure that consumers would benefit both from technological breakthroughs and the competition that further innovation generates. The United States also relies on a strong generic pharmaceutical industry to create added competitive pressure to lower drug prices. Recent action by the Administration and Congress has accelerated the flow of generic medicines to the market for precisely that reason. By contrast, in the Organization for Economic Cooperation andShow MoreRelatedPharmaceutical Industry : United Kingdom, Usa Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main hub of pharmaceutical industry are in United Kingdom, USA. New Zealand is far away located from these countries and has a population of 4.4 million and has got less number of pharmaceutical industries. The statistics figure show that there were only two compounds developed during 2001 but due to increased in the government funds from $16.3 million in the year 2000-2001 to $43.1 million in the year 2006-2007 the number increased to 12. The success and profit of a pharmaceutical industry dependsRead MoreU.s. 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However, the buy power can be a bit lower. According to the study of U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration (2004), in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries su ch as Australia, have the price control on theRead MoreUs Health Care System With Oecd1355 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of US health care system with OECD Referring to the health care performance analysis done by the commonwealth fund (put a reference), the US health care system consistently fails to achieve the balance between the service provided and the expenditure incurred. 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However, spendingRead MoreWhat Is The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act?1494 Words   |  6 PagesBackground The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act (S. 2011) would amend Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to allow for the negotiation of drug prices on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries for those medications covered under Medicare Part D. The policy would be enacted at the federal level, and the policy tool used to do so would be federal funding. Under this bill, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) would be given the power to negotiate drug prices as well as establishRead MoreThe New Zealand Healthcare System Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesits GDP on the health care industry. This represents nearly double the amount spent by other OECD nations (an average of 8.7%) and came in 40 percent higher than the next highest nation, France, which had an 11.2% of GDP outlays on health care expenditures. If we examine these costs at an individual level the US spent $7,538 per capita (per person) on health care. This was more than double the OECD median for expen ditures which was $2,995. Again the next highest nations were considerably less

The Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The...

The topic of slavery in antebellum America was very mixed overall in the nation. Normally people in the North opposed slavery, while citizens of the South supported it. However, at the same time, many people were unconcerned with this heated topic and needed to be persuaded to join the fight against slavery. Northern citizens may have seen the practice slavery as neither good nor bad, but just part of Southern life going on for hundreds of years. Frederick Douglass, a slave who had escaped to the North, after years of abuse through slavery, knew that in order to stop slavery, he had to persuade all the people in the North to vehemently oppose it as much as he did himself. Through the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, which he†¦show more content†¦Today almost all children grow up knowing their parents. It is a crime to take children away from their parents under most circumstances. Returning back to slave times, taking the slave children away from th eir parents is dehumanizing to the parents and children, by taking away the most important away from their lives. Without any familial connections to anyone, Douglass had to fend for himself like a person thrown into the jungle and try his best to survive every day. Douglass uses these descriptions in his narrative to convey how slaves were ripped apart from their families. With each slave being evaluated as property rather than a human being, the slaves felt like a good rather than a person with a family, who would feel so much emotional pain when they have to leave their children, siblings, or spouse behind. Through the progression of dehumanization, the white slave-owners were able to keep their power over their slaves, who lost their dignity with each whip given. Douglass also puts the intense picture of dehumanization into the reader’s head when he writes about the whippings slaves suffered. A young boy, Douglass witnesses for the first time a slave getting whipped, He took her into the kitchen, and stripped her from neck to waist, leaving her neck, shoulders, and back entirely naked. He made her get upon the stool, and tied her hands to the hook (6). Douglass hides in a closet, thinking that he would be the next

The City of Greater Geelong Free Essays

Background: First settled in 1803, as the 2nd largest metropolis in Victoria, Geelong is the chief regional hub and port for western Victoria where offers combination of employment and investing chances, wellness and instruction installations, fabulous shopping promenades and the many cultural assets including the Geelong Performing Arts Centre, gallery, museums and the botanic gardens. These allow occupants enjoy the benefit of diverse and multicultural communities in the growing of the metropolis. As consequence, Geelong has been turning 1-1. We will write a custom essay sample on The City of Greater Geelong or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 per centum over the last 7 old ages. However, the tenancy rate is still low: Housing: In 2006, population in cardinal Geelong is 4355 individuals. By 2011 it is 4700 ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . Residents ages of 20aˆ?24, 25aˆ?34 and 55 and over is greater in Central Geelong than others municipality as Central Geelong is popular with pupils and immature professionals and retired persons. 40.4 % of the home types is high and average denseness homes in Central Geelong compared to 13.9 % in Greater Geelong, although separate houses remain at 57.8 % of the lodging stock ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1408087.001.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1408087.001.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1408087.002.png"/ Beginning: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 2006 Census Population and Housing Office In 2012 there was 236,000m2 of office infinite in Central Geelong, of which merely 30 % is sensible quality, modern infinite. The bulk of Central Geelong’s office stock is of hapless quality, is unsuitable for many possible renters. Retail Market Square and Westfield Geelong Shopping Centre supply a diverse and comprehensive scope of retail signifier. Traditional strip retailing has struggled in recent old ages due in portion to the competition from the drawn-out Westfield and limited investing in single assets. The growing in on-line retailing addition vacancy rates in shopping strips such as Bridge Road in Richmond and Toorak Road in South Yarra ( Knight Frank Research 2013 ) . The bing floor infinite is dispersed north off along Ryrie Street and Moorabool Street and along Malop Street and farther north from propinquity to Westfield and is hence improbable to be economically feasible as retail floor infinite at any one clip in the hereafter. Introduction 75km to the south-west of Melbourne, cardinal Geelong is on a north confronting incline between Corio Bay and the Barwon River. The topographic point appears with dramatic landscape: the state, seashore, as the best finish to populate through comfortable and cohesive communities in an exceeding environment. Strongly believe in the strength of metropolis and its psyche is in people, a batch of attempts and accent has been placed on making vivacious societal nucleuss for local communities and metropolis cardinal where diverse groups of people can interact. Geelong Vision 2: With Vision 2, series of workshops have defined the challenges in trying to direct the transitioning of metropolis of Geelong from an industrial yesteryear to an urban hub’ ( Vision 2 Project Report, 2013 ) by 6 different integrated undertakings demonstrate on the regeneration of the CBD country. In this scheme, the Green Spine places the axial rotation of transforming the Malop street into the chief street that connects the train station to Eastern Park. It is designed to link the hub of the City Arrival to the freshly invigorated metropolis laneways and urban bosom in the effort to promote prosaic traffic to walk toward the metropolis Centre, reinvigorating the shopping country and making a sense of ambiance to the visitants to and dwellers of the metropolis. The City of Greater Geelong The City of Greater Geelong has demonstrated strong committedness to regenerating Central Geelong. Partnerships with State Government and other participants have been instrumental in exciting investing in the now iconic waterfront, major street plants, major events and prosecuting cardinal foundational capital undertakings such as the Library and Heritage Centre, Yarra Street Pier and Convention Centre. Cultural HERITAGE ( 22.09 ) Aims Central Geelong is located within the traditional district of the Wada Wurrung ( or Wathaurong ) Aboriginal Clan groups. Wool broking had shaped much of the early architecture. Large countries of the metropolis Centre have streetscape preservation value which is indispensable as heritage values of the metropolis. New investing and urban reclamation could be attracted to the metropolis Centre and supply a originative reuse of the city’s built heritage. Keep the visibleness of St Mary’s Basilica Spire from beyond the metropolis Centre. Map of Individual heritage listings and precincts img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1408087.001.png"/ Community Arts and Culture Key Subjects: The cultural humanistic disciplines precinct is home to the Geelong Art Gallery, Library, Heritage Centre, Performing Humanistic disciplines Centre and the Courthouse Youth Arts Centre Geelong plays host to a figure of major events such as cycling, seafaring, triathlon and music festivals. Events a figure of major events such as cycling, seafaring, triathlon, music and sail ship is hold annually to promote visitant and activate of the metropolis Centre. Central Geelong Marketing has run activities such as the School Holiday plan, Sidewalk Gross saless and Night Markets that conveying in about $ 4 million yearly to Central Geelong. There are besides regular markets including a husbandmans market. Open Space Key Subjects: Johnstone Park is surrounded by a figure of of import civic edifices: City Hall, Geelong Gallery, Peace Memorial and Regional Libra Central Geelong features some outstanding Parkss and public infinites. These include the Geelong waterfront, Eastern Park, Botanic Gardens and Johnstone Park The new image of Geelong Station Precinct will be immensely different from the 1 that exists at present. Rather than an unfastened wrapping of asphalt punctuated by a few base entirely edifices, it will offer a much more mature individuality, one that has the possible to go every bit much a signature for Geelong as the Waterfront ; RAILWAY STATION PRECINT The Geelong Railway Station Precinct has long been identified as a major chance for alteration in the Greater City of Geelong. It is Geelong’s hub for province, regional and local conveyance systems and is ideally located to move as a focal point for the western border of the CBD. It sits strategically between La Trobe Terrace and Mercer Street, two of Geelong’s major inner links, and is close to the Civic and Justice Precincts, Deakin University and the Geelong Waterfront. i‚Â ·iˆ The Precinct is inactive for most of the twenty-four hours, outside of peak hours. i‚Â ·iˆ The precinct will be to the full landscaped, to a standard equivalent to the Geelong Waterfront. i‚Â ·iˆ The renovation chances of the Precinct demand to be determined. i‚Â ·iˆ The function of the freshly developed Precinct within Geelong needs to be assessed, and i‚Â ·iˆ The sequence for future land development needs to de determined. BUILT FORM The Court and Police Station composite was built in 1991 at the south-eastern corner of the Precinct. As the expiration point of the axis formed by Fenwick Street and located in such a strategic location, this installation could hold made a really positive part to its urban context. However this composite of 2 floors brick edifices provides merely one active frontage – that to Railway Terrace – while its eastern sideaˆ?is virtually a space wall to Mercer Street. Its northern border acts as its ‘back-of-house’ and is unaccessible to the general populace but however seeable from many nearby vantage points. At the City-wide graduated table, indicates the bing patterning of urban grid signifiers in this western Geelong area- the City Centre Grid itself, the somewhat offset grid get downing and stretching due wests from La Trobe Terrace, and the Grid formed by Mercer Street and its feeder roads which penetrates into the two chief grid signifiers from the North. There are comparatively few edifices within the Station Precinct, as shown by the Figure Ground Plan. The bing country occupied by the Station installations, the Victorian Railway Institute edifice, the Station Courts/ Police and Kia franchise covers merely a little proportion of the Precinct ; with the staying country being dominated by entree ways and parking. possible prosaic nexus Vehicular nexus How to cite The City of Greater Geelong, Essay examples

Conflict Resolution for Perspectives from the Lines -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConflict Resolution for Perspectives from the Lines. Answer: Introduction ManagementDue to Kashmir issues, terrorism has increased day by day which is affecting the life of people adversely. Along with this, the paper explains that how Kashmir conflict may affect the success and growth of India and Pakistan. The key actors which are involved in Kashmir conflict has been discussed in the task. Further detail of the task has been stated below. Conflict between India and Pakistan India is a well know country in South Asia and it is a seventh biggest country in the world measured by area. It is a democratic country having second highest population. The current population of India is approx 132.42 crores (Indiapopulation, 2018). Furthermore, it maintains good and dynamic culture in the world. On the other hand, Pakistan is an Islamic country in South Asia and it is a fifth most populous country in the world. It is 33rd biggest country measured by area (Labourwatchpakistan, 2018). Due to various conflicts between India and Pakistan, various Muslims continued to live in India. The various issues between India and Pakistan include nuclear threat, nuclear rivalry, war of Kargil, Kashmir revolution (Merrills, 2017). One of the biggest issues between two countries is Kashmir revolution that influences the operations of both the countries. The armed resistance broke out in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1989. As a result separate group were founded. Kashmir issue is a territorial issue between Pakistan and India that was started in 1947 after the partition of both the countries. Due to this conflict, people are fighting for freedom in todays era. Along with this, this conflict also has become a major challenge for Indian government (Merrills, 2017). Various issues are being faced by India due to conflict issue. Trade and tourism is affecting and economy of the country is also facing several challenges. India is unable to afford more infrastructure projects due to Kashmir conflict (Mushtaq, 2015). In addition, Kashmir is a core part of the Indian culture therefore; any separation might be affected the Indian union. India is continuously trying to occupy most parts of Kashmir while the Pakistan i s refuting such a territorial occupation. Pakistan manages and controls a part of the territory and at the same time Pakistan refutes Indias claim. Due to conflict issue, various issues and challenges are being faced by both the countries (Zia Syedah, 2015). Conflict situations and key actors in conflict The Kashmir conflict presents a very complex situation in India and Pakistan which may influence the relations of both the countries. The government of both the countries looks into this conflict so that people understand this problem and resolve it. Along with this, India always claims to be a rightful ruler of Kashmir (Gadda, 2014). Currently, India is unable to know and understand that how to maintain silence and peace in the region. Due to Kashmir conflict, Pakistan has been able to gain more opportunities to hit the India. Kashmir conflict also influences the sovereignty of India. Along with this, Kashmir is very beautiful and attractive place for various tourists both from India and outside India. If Kashmir conflict is not resolved then India will lose the Kashmir tourism industry. Moreover, it creates tensions between both the countries. Additionally, India had spent huge amount on Kashmirs infrastructure, tunnels, bridges and building a lot of roads. If the country loses Kas hmir, it can become a great loss for India. Annexation and occupation of Kashmir by Pakistan will not be a welcome move for Kashmiri youths. As a result, it would create violence in Kashmir (Kohli and Mittal, 2016). Kashmir conflict is one most dangerous flashpoint for India because it is increasing terrorism in India. Currently, terrorist attacks are going on due to Kashmir issue. Terrorism is the biggest headache for both the countries. Mahatma Gandhi played enormous role in partition of India and Pakistan. Therefore, he was the main player in India and Pakistan partition. J.L. Nehru and M.A.Jinnah also played major role in Kashmir conflict. Currently five groups are fighting in Kashmir such as Hizb-ul-Mujanhideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad, Lakshar-e-Tayyiba, Harakat-ul-Mujahideen and Al Badr. They are supporting Pakistan to handle the Kashmir issue. Along with this, the political parties include The Jammu and Kashmir democratic freedom party and The Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic P arty. These parties promoter and advocates self rule for Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian political parties include The Indian National Congress and The Jammu and Kashmir National conference party (Hussain, 2015). Trends, development and sources in conflict resolution India and Pakistan should make effective and unique plans, policies and strategies to resolve Kashmir conflict. Various recommendations have been given to handle these issues that are discussed below. India and Pakistan should engage freely elected representatives of the Kashmiri people and all partners in Kashmir negotiations. The government should make strict rules and laws to eliminate this conflict. The government should provide compensation for loss of life and private property. It will help to reduce conflict in Kashmir. Apart from this, the international agencies must promote and encourage sustainable economic development. The hills are significant for both the countries therefore; the countries should control the hills because these hills are important for armies. Prime Minister Modis government is getting alternatives to reach out to Muslim leaders in other parts of the country. Each action of Pakistan must be well documented before any disciplinary counter action is taken. Modis government invest approx 320 crore for rehabilitation of the Kashmir migrants. In addition, both the countries should understand the culture of each other to maintain reciprocal relationship. In addition, the government should create favorable conditions to allow the peaceful return of all refugees to Kashmir. All government records and proceedings shall be accessible to the public and the press to settle Kashmir conflict. India and Pakistan should establish an independent mechanism for a neutral third party investigation of human rights violations. Along with this, both the counties should seek creative and innovative solutions in honoring Kashmiri aspirations. In addition, unique and effective agreement must be made to handle Kashmir conflict. Conclusion On the above mentioned study, it can be concluded that Kashmir conflict is one of the dangerous issue in India and Pakistan which may influence the harmony and peace of both the countries. Although, various rules and regulations have been made by both the countries but unfortunately the countries are failed to resolve this issue. Effective plans, rules and strategies must be made by countries to handle and resolve this issue. References Gadda, D.N., 2014. 'Partial Journalism'--A study of national media of India and Kashmir conflict.Trends in Information Management,10(1). Hussain, T., 2015. Kashmir dispute.Regional and Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives from the Front Lines,41. Indiapopulation, 2018. Population of India 2018 [Online]. Available at https://indiapopulation2018.in/. [Retrieved on 8th April 2018). Indiatvnews, 2018. 11steps taken by Modi govt to make safe, secure [Online]. Available at https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/11-steps-taken-by-modi-govt-to-make-india-safe-secure-31753.html. [Retrieved from 8th April 2018] Kohli, R. and Mittal, K.L., 2016.Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods for Surface Cleaning(Vol. 9). William Andrew. Labourwatchpakistan, 2018. About Pakistan 2018 [Online]. Available at https://labourwatchpakistan.com/about-pakistan/. [Retrieved on 8th April 2018] Merrills, J.G., 2017.International dispute settlement (6th edition). Cambridge university press. Merrills, J.G., 2017.International dispute settlement. Cambridge university press. (pp.66-67) Mushtaq, U., 2015. The political economy of Intra-Kashmir Trade.Progress in Development Studies,15(2), (pp.139-153). Zia, A., Syedah, H., 2015. Use of print media for conflict resolution and peace building: A case study of Kashmir dispute.NDU Journal, 161-180.